NAT, LAN, Inside IP

admin, sob., 02/02/2008 - 10:52

Co to jest NAT ?

Nat - z angielskiego Network Address Translation - jest to krótko mówiąc technika pozwalająca na translację adresów sieciowych. Co to oznacza ? Gdy w Internecie zaczęło przybywać komputerów, zaistniała groźba wyczerpania puli dostępnych adresów internetowych. Aby temu zaradzić, lokalne sieci komputerowe, korzystające z tzw. adresów nieroutowalnych, czyli specjalnej puli adresów tylko dla sieci lokalnych, mogą zostać podłączone do Internetu przez jeden komputer, lub urządzenie, posiadający mniej adresów internetowych niż komputerów w tej sieci. Taki komputer, gdy komputery z sieci lokalnej komunikują się ze światem, dynamicznie tłumaczy adresy nieroutowalne na adresy zewnętrzne, umożliwiające użytkowanie Internetu przez większą liczbę komputerów niż posiadana liczba adresów zewnętrznych. Inaczej mówiąc, jest to potrzebne w sieciach lokalnych, bądź jak kto woli, sieciach osiedlowych.

Korzystanie z Internetu poprzez NAT wiążą się wady:

-utrudnione korzystanie z programów P2P i bezpośredniego wysyłania plików

-
nie można założyć własnego serwera, który byłby dostępny w internecie - dopiero mając zewnętrzne IP jest to możliwe

Jednak korzystanie z NAT`a wiąże się z większym bezpieczeństwem komputerów znajdujących się za NAT`em.

Problemy z LAN`em

LAN (Local Area Network) to połączenie wielu komputerów, które mają dostęp do Internetu poprzez serwer lub roter rozdzielający połączenie internetowe. Takie połączenie jest dosyć opłacalne, gdyż chroni użytkowników NAT oraz wystarczy jeden publiczny adres IP. Wtedy przeglądanie stron internetowych nie jest niczym blokowane. Problem przychodzi gdy chcemy skorzystać z jakiegoś programu p2p lub chcemy postawić serwer. W przypadku tego drugiego zostaje tylko wykupienie u usługodawcy zewnętrznego IP. W przypadku programów p2p, najbardziej opłacalne może być tzw. przekierowanie portów. Przekierowanie omija NAT na danym porcie, dzięki czemu możemy cieszyć się pełnym przepływem danych bez żadnego blokowania ich, lecz tylko na tym jednym porcie. Dlatego najlepiej przekierować wszystkie standardowe dla BitTorrenta, czyli z zakresu 6881 - 6889. Innym wyjściem jest wykupienie publicznego adresu IP, ale to będzie zapewne płatne (w zależności od usługodawcy).

Wewnętrzne i zewnętrzne IP

IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) - czwarta wersja protokołu komunikacyjnego IP przeznaczonego dla internetu. Znajduje się obecnie w powszechnym użyciu. Ten protokół wykonuje ścisłe reguły i postępowania, które są automatycznie wykonywane przez urządzenia komunikacyjne w celu nawiązania łączności i wymiany danych.

Taki adres IP wygląda np. tak :

192.168.1.1

IPv6 (IPNG) - Internet Protocol version 6 lub Internet Protocol Next Generation to najnowsza wersja protokołu IP, będąca następcą IPv4, do którego stworzenia przyczynił się w głównej mierze problem małej ilości adresów IPv4.

Adres IPv6 wygląda tak :

0123:5678:abcd:00ef:0000:0000:1234:5678

Specyfikacje pozwalają na opuszczanie początkowych zer oraz zamiane bloków zer na podwójny dwukropek. Powyższy adres może być zapisany jako:

123:5678:abcd:ef::1234:5678

Częśc z Was ma stałe IP, czyli takie, które nie zmienia się. Stałe IP może być :

a) wewnętrzne - to IP wewnątrz sieci LAN, niewidoczne z zewnątrz sieci w której znajduje się komputer z tym adresem IP (patrz NAT)

b) zewnętrzne - publiczne - jest to IP widoczne z zewnątrz sieci LAN, zazwyczaj posiada je serwer komunikujący się bezpośrednio z Internetem lub komputery nie posiadające połączenia internetowego rozdzielające routerem lub serwerem

Korzystając z klientów sieci BitTorrent i mając wewnętrzny adres IP nie można połączyć się z częścią osób pobierających dany release, gdyż te osoby nie widzą nas. Rozwiązaniem może być przekierowanie standardowych portów, z których korzystają klienty BT - 6881 - 6889, lub wykupieniem u dostawcy usług internetowych zewnętrznego adresu IP.

Dynamiczne IP mają osoby korzystające z technologii ADSL (Neostrada). Taki adres jest zmienny, co znaczy, że raz na jakiś czas (np. co 24 godziny) jest zmieniane na inny losowy wybierany. Dynamiczne IP jest adresem zewnętrznym, co znaczy, że nie jest w żaden sposób blokowane.

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